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July 1

  • 251 – The Goths under Cniva defeat the Roman Empire at the Battle of Abrittus and kill both Roman Emperors, Decius and his son and co-emperor Herennius Etruscus.
  • 1520 – Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire: Conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés were nearly annihilated in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, and barely succeeded in escaping by night.
  • 1569 – The Union of Lublin was signed, merging the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
  • 1862 – The Russian State Library was founded.
  • 1867 – The British North America Act came into effect, uniting the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into the Canadian Confederation.
  • 1879 – American evangelist Charles Taze Russell published the first issue of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
  • 1916 – World War I: The first day of the Battle of Albert, the opening phase of the Battle of the Somme, became the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army, with 57,470 casualties of which 19,240 were killed or died of wounds.
  • 1935 – Grant Park Music Festival, which continues as the United States' only annual free outdoor classical music concert series, began its tradition of free symphonic music concerts in Chicago's Grant Park.
  • 1948 – The State Bank of Pakistan, the central bank of Pakistan, commenced operation.
  • 1979 – Sony introduced the Walkman portable audio player, changing music listening habits by allowing people to carry their own choice of music with them.
  • 1991 – The Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.
  • 1997 – The United Kingdom transferred sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, ending over 150 years of British colonial rule.
  • 2002 – Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 and DHL Flight 611 collided in mid-air over the towns of Owingen and Überlingen in Germany, killing all 71 aboard both aircraft.
  • 2002 – The Rome Statute entered into force, establishing the International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.
  • 2006 – The Qingzang railway, the first railway to connect China proper with the Tibet Autonomous Region, was inaugurated.
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